Second Language Learning

Free sample - Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. translation missing

Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. Women Criminals with Mental DisordersExecutive summary Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. They propose that individuals are predisposed to crime by factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological positivism proposes that caused by biological inferiority. Biological crime theories also argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime include: Psychoanalytic theory which argues that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind. Freud, the proponent of this theory argues that people with unresolved social issues who are referred to as psychopaths in psychology, have absolutely no sens e of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize and therefore are likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience. Cognitive development theory as a psychological theory of crime argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality. Learning theory on the other hand argues that people learn criminal ways by associating those who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, factors such as insanity which reduces individual’s free will make the individual more likely to engage in crime. Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. Introduction Criminology is a behavioral science that focuses on the study of the nature, extend, causes as well as the control of criminal behavior. This paper discusses criminological theories and how they play in with women criminals. It focuses majorly on mental illnesses in women and how these illnesses predispose them to crime. Previous researchers have not linked such theories with criminal behavior in women and that’s why this subject is of interest to me. Research methodology To achieve the research objectives, both primary and secondary sources of information were made use of. Primary sources of data consisted of interviews carried out on professionals such as psychologists well versed with the subject. Secondary sources of information on the other hand consisted of library research targeting books and articles touching on the subject. Research findings and discussion. Sociological positivism as a school of thought proposes that people are predisposed to crime by societal factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures (Seidman, 1996). Other proponents of this school of thought have suggested that overpopulation contributes very highly to increased crime in the society (Seidman, 1996). Theories of crime apply to both males and females. Biological theories of crime causation also popularly referred to as biological positivism are theories which argue that criminals are different from non-criminals and that crime is caused by biological inferiority (Seidman, 1996). According to this theory, the innate psychological make up produces certain physical as well as genetic traits which distinguish criminals from those who are not criminals. Hormonal abnormalities have also been linked with criminal behaviors. Researchers believe that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors. L ow levels of estrogen in women reduce their sexual drives hence make them less likely to commit offences related to sex (Cohn, 2007). Proponents of Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biology and environmental as well as social factors (Morse, 1997). They believe that biology or genes can predispose a person to criminal behaviors. What determines if the person commits the criminal behavior or not is the environmental or social conditions the person is subjected to (Marina, 1996).   Psychological theories of crime argue that human differences make some people more predisposed to committing crime than others. These individual differences in behavior are caused by differences in personal characteristics as well as biological factors and social interactions among individuals. Psychoanalytic theory of crime was proposed by Sigmund Freud (Marina, 1996). This theory proposes that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind (Marina, 1996). This shows that all human beings have an inherent capacity to commit crime. Human beings however develop inner controls to suppress this urge to commit crime as they get socialized in the society. Freud suggested that, faulty identification of children with their parents causes the development of criminal behavior in them. Freud believed that individuals with unresolved as well as deep – rooted social problems are referred to as psychopaths (Mea d, 1934). Such people have absolutely no sense of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize. These people are also known as sociopaths or antisocial personalities and are more likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience (Mead, 1934). Cognitive development theory is a theory that argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality (Mead, 1934). The proponent of this school of thought is Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist (Siegel, 2003). He proposed three levels of moral development. According to him, there are basically three levels of moral reasoning with each level having two stages. The first level of moral development occurs during middle childhood. This level is called the preconventional level. At this level, children stick to moral principles in an effort to avoid punishment by remaining obedient (Morse, 1997). The second level is termed as the conventional level and it occurs at the end of middle childhood (Cohn, 2007). At this stage, individual’s moral reasoning is pegged on the expectations that their family as well as significant others have for them (Siegel, 2003). The third stage of moral development occurs during early adulthood. At this stage, moral reasoning is no longer based on social conventions. At this stage, individuals act as change agents and strive to advance the existing social laws and order (McLennan, 1980). Failure by individuals to transit successfully from one level of moral development to another leads to moral fixation, a situation whereby, individual’s moral development is arrested. Such individuals end up engaging in criminal behaviors. This is true for men as it is for women (McLennan, 1980). Learning theory on the other hand is based on behavioral psychology principles. Behavioral psychology proponents argue that behavior is learned while its maintenance is ensured by factors such as rewards and consequences (McLennan, 1980). According to this theory therefore, people learn criminal ways by associating with people who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, though human beings exercise free will, factors such as insanity may reduce an individual’s capacity to exercise the same (Cohn, 2007). Postpartum psychosis, also referred to as postpartum blues, is simply a psychological depression that occurs to a large number of mothers after delivery (Moyer, 2001). Its estimated to occur in about 50% of all mothers after giving birth. This condition has been termed by mental health experts as a leading precipitator of infanticide. This condition attacks women some few months after pregnancy and may linker for over a year (Moyer, 2001). Its characterized by: sadness, fatigue, disturbed sleeping pattern, reduced libido, loss of appetite, anxiety, episodes of crying and irritability. Hormonal changes in women is known to be the leading cause of the condition. Postpartum exhaustion is slightly different from postpartum depression and its is caused by fatigue, sleep deprivation as well as hormonal changes in the bodes of women immediately after giving birth (Moyer, 2001). Prevalence of this condition is higher in women who give birth to children with severe colic as well as other cond itions which result to abnormal sleep schedules (Moyer, 2001). Baby or maternity blues is a condition that affects about 80% of women after giving birth. Its characterized by mild and transitory moodiness, tearfulness, irritability, hypochondriasis, sleeplessness, concentration impairment, feelings of isolation, and headache. This condition leads to inconsistence of mothers with childcare (Deflem, 2006). Such mothers focus on the negative aspects of childcare leading to poor coping strategies. This worsens the mother-infant relationship and in most cases leads to infanticide (Deflem, 2006). Conclusion This paper has discussed Positivistic approaches to criminal behavior which argue that the tendency to engage in crime is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. Factors which predispose people to crime according to this theory have been discussed and they have included: low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological crime theories have also been discussed. They argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime have included: Psychoanalytic theory, Cognitive development theory, and Learning theory. Finally, Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion have been seen to affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. References Cheng, E. (2007). â€Å"Independent Judicial Research in the Daubert Age†. Duke Law Journal, Vol. 56, Cohn,E. (2007). â€Å" changes in Scholarly Influence in Major International Criminology Journals†. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 40, Deflem, M. (2006). Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States. New York: Elsevier Marina, A. (1996). â€Å" criminal law and women: Giving the abused woman who kills a jury of her peers who appreciate trifles†. American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 33 McLennan, G. (1980). Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory. New York: Routledge. Mead, H. (1934). Mind Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Morse, S. (1997). â€Å"Immaturity and Irresponsibility†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 88 Moyer, L. (2001). Criminological Theories: Traditional and Nontraditional Voices and Themes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Seidman, D. (1996). â€Å"Juror Reactions to Attorneys at Trial†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 87 Siegel, J. (2003). Criminology, 8th ed. London: Thomson-Wadsworth.

Managing Workplace Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Workplace Relations - Essay Example Glass Ceiling is a term which refers to certain situations where a qualified person is stopped from advancing or being promoted in his or her job within the hierarchy of the organization that he or she works in, and is not given a fair chance to move ahead from the lower level position because of discrimination. Most of the discrimination was basically related to racism and gender inequality, but also includes discrimination against age and disabled people although this is not as common as Discrimination against women and people from different race. We can also say that this situation can occur for men as well where there are certain job designs where women are preferred over men just for the fact that they are women. For example jobs like house cleaning and baby sitting. This is where a woman would be given preference over men. This problem uses the word ceiling because there is a block that limits people form getting higher positions and it is termed as glass because there are no written rules for such discrimination. Sometimes the limitation is not as obvious or apparent. The transparency of glass defines the transparency or the ambiguity of the reason for such limitations. This can only be made obvious if we compare it with the education, work experience and other obvious factors for critiquing and judging a person's capabilities. The glass ceiling terminology is not simply used t... anizations or less in proportion, neither is it a cry or a statement that suggests that discrimination against women is persistent at all levels of organizational hierarchies. It is a statement or a metaphor that simply tells us about the problems, difficulties and obstacles women face when it comes to going higher in an organization relative to men systematically increase as they move up the hierarchy. What is the Sticky Floor There are many social barriers that sill exist. these social barriers was the reason the concept of glass ceiling was coined but now a new concept has arose from the limitations women face due to these social barriers. This concept of "sticky floors" describes the reason why women are stuck working in their old positions and are unable to go up the hierarchical ladder and keeps them at low level, non-managerial and mostly support roles such as assistants or subs, and discourages them from getting promotions. It hinders their job and career development. This term basically highlights the barriers such as family commitment, associations with colleagues, stereotyping and other social barriers that hold these women down, hence the term sticky floor. Even if the women go up the hierarchical level there is discrepancy in the wage rate. This term generally is related to the females, but can also be applied to other working members as well. According to Rebecca Shambaugh in her article, "Gla ss ceiling or sticky floor The real reason women don't make it" in the Washington business journal, "In fact, our most useful insights may come from exploring what keeps us stuck: our outmoded, self-defeating and, let's face it, unconscious behaviors". This shows that it is the behavior and the attitude that women hold while working in a corporate world, that keeps

Retirement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Retirement - Assignment Example A number of people venture into different fields of work because they desire extra engagement. Reconciliation is the final stage. Ages of individuals at this stage range from the late 70s to early 80s (Schieber, 2012). The imagination stage is core because it dictates the stability of life after retirement in light of finances. In the midst of contemplating retirement, it is important to consider the amount of service credit earned for the total fiscal years of service. Age is another factor of consideration. From the age of 50 to 63 years, for every quarterly of a year there is an increase in retirement benefit (PLANNING YOUR RETIREMENT: Your Retirement Checklist). After the age of 63, the benefit remains constant. The average salary earned is the third factor to consider before retirement. The highest twelve months of salary earning determine the latter factor. Well-being of an individual, that is, health condition greatly influences retirement. An individual ailing from a life threatening illness is unlikely to encounter the five stages of retirement. Retrenchment is another factor that influences retirement in that there is an interruption to a person’s retirement planning. The role one plays in the structure of an organization is a factor that affects retirement in light of benefits earned from service. As mentioned above the average salary of an individual dictates the retirement benefit. The government funding of an employee’s retirement plan guarantees one a particular benefit every month while on retirement. The plan is a defined benefit plan (What You Should Know About Your Retirement Plan). Benefit computation at retirement considers average salary, duration of service to the organization and age. The current level of the planning process is working on full time and on the imagination stage of retirement. In planning retirement, it is

Dissertation Module Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dissertation Module - Essay Example The most innovative work since the early 1990s, however, has been the development of understanding and elaboration of cognitive therapy approaches to the treatment of psychoses in urban and rural geographical regions. Thus, the interdisciplinary research occurs in the minds of the authors as well as in their interaction with each other. In this instance, the research, theory-building and clinical applications are a synthesis of individual and group effort. It is often difficult to know which comes first: theory, therapy or research. Theory serves as a roadmap for the clinician and informs the researcher regarding the important areas for investigation. On the other hand, the clinical works provides the data that generate the formulation of the theory and the ideas for research. Finally, research not only validates (or invalidates) the clinical and theoretical propositions but also provides new guidelines for therapy and ideas for theory building. The research will draw on the blend of theory, research and practice in developing the corpus of knowledge, formulating the basic assumptions, and adapting and refining appropriate strategies for the treatment of psychoses in urban and rural geographical regions. ... the corpus of knowledge, formulating the basic assumptions, and adapting and refining appropriate strategies for the treatment of psychoses in urban and rural geographical regions. The result will be a landmark in the evolution of cognitive therapy for psychoses. 8. Provide a brief outline of the research problem For centuries, it has been debated that the inordinateness of psychoses found in geographically urban areas (including city centres) is the consequence of social drift. Social drift is described as the resettlement of the populace suffering from various psychoses to the urban areas from outlying or rural geographical regions. The term psychosis includes disorders such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders, affective disorders where psychosis is present (e.g. in depression, mania, bipolar affective disorder) and delusional disorders. More recent research has shown, however, that there is an increased risk of psychosis within individuals born into an urban than rural areas (Warner, date, Jablensky, 1992). What is the causal agency for the increased risk of psychosis Is this due to increased rates of difficult births or obstetric complications, sunlight deprivation, environmental disturbances, ozone depletion or excesses of toxins Or, is there some other facto r yet to be studied An explanation of this phenomenon would contribute to our understanding of the causes of psychoses. 9. Provide a brief outline of the selected methodology and/or methods Here approach of this research is based on content analysis of previously conducted researches and studies. The data of our research will be based on previously conducted researches as mentioned above. In the data-gathering phase, the researcher will go through reading many studies of

Macroeconomic Variables In China

Macroeconomic Variables In China From the beginning of the first public company on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1990,the stock market has experienced a rapidly increase during these twenty years in china.Up to the year of 2008, there were approximately 1650 public companies on either Shanghai Stock Exchange or Shengzheng Stock Exchange with the total market capitalization of 121366(100 million yuan).The relationship between macroeconomic variables and market prices has been widely recognised by economists,they have made a lot of researches in this field,though the way to identify their bearings are vary from person to person.Some of them use only one of macroeconomic variables like Comoncioli(1995)who focuses on the relationship between stock market index and Gross Domestic Product (GDP),Pearce and Roley(1983) study on the PPI(producer price index),and Lee (1992)emphasizes on the Interest Rate.Some prefer to combine different kinds of macroeconomic variables for analysize.Abdullah and Hayworth(1993)use seven macro economic variables (namely,money spply,inflation ,short and long-term interest rates,budget,trade and the growth of industry)to study their relationship between stock market prices.Tursoy,Gunsel and Rjoub(2008) adopt more than ten macroeconomic variables for research.In this mini essay, the first part is the introduction of some relative backdrop,including the situation of stock market in china and the privious researches of other learners.Next to this,it begins to analyse the relationship between each macroeconomic variables and stock market prices according to the detailed statistics in china.The last part is to draw some conclusions. Since the differennt research purposes,the selection of proper and relevant macroeconomic variales are different.Dritsaki(2005)thinks that selecting macroeconomic variables should focus on those objects which reflect both economic and financial situation of one country. Thus,variables like GDP,CPI , Money Suppley, Exchange Rate,Interest Rate are applyed in this essay, for there are more likely valuable in tracing the relationship betwwen macroeconomic variables and stock market prices based on the special situation in china. On the long run,the fluctation of stock market prices and the changement of GDP shows a positive relationship,except the year of 2007.As we are known,GDP is a kind of mixed index ,which reflects the strength of a countrys overall macro-economic indicators. When there is a decline in the economic downturn, the majority of the public companies are more likely to reduce their investment and costs ,hence, the stock markets supply will move slowly;at the same time,due to economic downturn and lower expection and future income, investors, thereby reducing capital expenditure and investment,.Consequentaly,stock prices is bound to fall down. Conversely, when a countryà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ GDP grews rapidly, the herald of economic prospects, expectations about the future improvement of business confidence in future development, are keen to enlarge the scale of additional investment and the demand for capital expansion, thus stimulate the stock market and increase its whole value. Consumer Price Index Total Market Capitalization Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 TMC 1048 3531 3691 3474 9842 17529 19506 26471 48091 43522 38328 42457.72 37055.57 32430.28 89403 327141 121366 CPI 106.4 114.7 124.1 117.1 108.3 102.8 99.2 98.6 100.4 100.7 99.2 101.2 103.9 101.8 101.5 104.8 105.9 Note: TMC=Total Market Capitalization(100 Million Yuan) CPI= Concumer Price Index(assumption the last year is 100) As can be shown from the table,the CPI fluctuated in a narrow level,while the TMC saw an increase trend on the whole.It is widely realize that the measurement of Inflation Rate is based on the CPI.In theory, Inflation Rate not only directly affect peoples current decision-making, but also induce their inflation expectations. In times of inflation , currency depreciation inspired by inflation expectations always prompt the individuals to exchange the currency with commodity for the purpose of hedge, one of the hedge tools is stock, thus expanding the demand for shares; on the other hand,when inflation has grown to a level , the Government often carry out a tight fiscal and monetary policies to inhibit its development ,then, the interest rates is in rise. At that moment, one of the best options of public company to raise funds is to issue stock ,which allowing a corresponding increase in the supply of the stock market. At this point, if the stock market growth in demand is greater than supply growth, the stock price and inflation showed a positive relationship, or if the stock market growth in demand is less than supply growth, the stock price and inflation shows negative correlation. From the bar chart,though the money supply shows a steady increasing tread, the TMS seems not always keep pace with it ,this might due to the special situation in china.In theory,Money supply on stock market prices can be achieved through three kinds of effects: (1) Expected effects. When the central bank plan to implement expansionary monetary policy ,it can influence the market participants expect the currency market for the future, thus changing the stock of money supply and affect the price and size of the stock market; (2) the portfolio effect. When the central banks carry a easing monetary policy, currency held by the people increased, while the marginal utility of money (investment income) is decreasing in the other conditions remain unchanged, people held money would exceed the needs of daily transactions ,This would,of course, result in some money flood into the stock market, and the stock market prices is in rise undoubtly; (3) the growth effect of the intrinsic value of th e stock. When money supply increases, interest rates will fall,and investment will increase, thereby stimulating the stock market prices. Generally speaking, these three kinds of effects are positive, that is, money supply increase, the stock prices. Therefore, the money supply on stock prices is positive. Exchange Rate Total Market Capitalization Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 TMC 1048 3531 3691 3474 9842 17529 19506 26471 48091 43522 38328 42457.72 37055.57 32430.28 89403 327141 121366 ER 551.46 576.20 861.87 835.10 831.42 828.98 827.91 827.83 827.84 827.70 827.70 827.70 827.68 819.17 797.18 760.40 694.51 Note:TMC=Total Market Capitalization(100 Million Yuan) ER= Exchange Rate (Base on 100 Dollars) Exchange rate, is a currency of another countrys currency exchange rate. As an important economic lever, the exchange rate changes on the interaction between a countrys stock market is reflected in many ways, including: import and export, prices and investment. Exchange rate directly affect the international flow of capital. A countrys exchange rate, means that the currency depreciation will boost exports and depress imports, thus promote one countryà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s cash flow, enhance public companys expected returns,Then to some extent,promote the stock prices.However, as can be seen from the data,the relationship between Exchange Rate and stock market prices seems not significant as expected. From the perspective of investor,one of the most sensive factors that effect the stock prices is the movement of bank interest rate,which have a direct impact on the thrend of stock prices. According to classical economic theory, the interest rate is the price of money ,and the opportunity cost of holding money, which depends on the capital markets supply and demand. The supply of funds from savings, while the demand comes from investerment.Both investment and savings have profound impact on interest rates. Interest rates can reduce the cost of holding money, promote the transformation of savings to investment, thereby increasing the circulation of cash flow and corporate discount rates,leading to stock market prices rise. So interest rates increase, stock market lower; on the other hand, interest rates drop, the stock market higher. The analysis carried out in this paper indicates that the relationship between each macroeconomic variables and stock market prices are difference in china. From the above-mentioned datas and analysis,macroeconomic variables are relevant indicators of the movements of stock market prices, to be more specific ,CPI,Interest rate, Exchange rate show a negative correlation with Stock Market Price,while GDP and Money Supply present a positive relationship with Stock Market Price on the long run.

The Emperors New Clothes :: essays research papers

Recently I read one of the Hans Christian Anderson's short stories, The Emperor's New Clothes. This Danish writer in his story made such a good picture of foolish kings and governors that now-a-days are much more before. Many years ago there was an emperor who was so excessively fond of new clothes that he spent all his money on them. He cared nothing about his army, nor for people and his country, except to showing off his new clothes. One day two swindlers came to castle and said to emperor that they can weave the most beautiful stuff imaginable. Not only were the colors and patterns unusually fine, but the clothes that were made of these stuffs had the peculiar quality of becoming invisible to every person who was not fit for the office he held, or if he was impossibly dull. Emperor thought that those must be magnificent clothes, besides he should be able to discover which men in his kingdom are unfitted for their posts. Therefore he ordered to those two swindlers to make it ready for next month ceremony. Two swindlers asked such a huge amount of pure gold thread, fine silk and expensive cottons. They started their work in a separated room. They did put up two looms and all the time they just pretend to make such a fine stuff. The day and night they were busy with empty looms, but time to time they asked precious materials for emperor's new clothes. After a time, emperor sent his old minister to see what's going on. The poor old minister went there but he could not see any thing. Firstly he was worry that he could not see that stuff, but when two swindlers asked about clothes, he answered that it's magnificent. Two swindlers started to describing great patters and originality of colors and old minister paid great attention on them. After that when he back to emperor, he just repeat all swindlers words. After some times again one another person was sent to that room, but the same story happened. After all in occasion day emperor and a number of his courtiers, among them, the two faithful officials who had already seen the imaginary stuff, went to visit new clothes. No one could see the stuff, but every one was pretend to see something. Emperor himself could not see any thing but he put on that invisible stuff and finally in the street one innocent boy shouted that emperor has no clothes!

Example Press Release

NEWS For Immediate Release Contact NEWS For Immediate Release Contact SOUTH BURLINGTON September 12, 2012It’s getting close to election time and in response to the hullaballoo and stressors surrounding the republican and democratic campaigns, top leader in ice cream production, Ben and Jerry’s, announced their new flavor, â€Å"We Vote Purple. † The new flavor consists of a delicious boysenberry and grape sorbet with bits of pie crust swirled in, thus giving the ice cream a beautifully neutral color of purple and a nice hearty texture.Ben and Jerry’s CEO, Jostein Solheim, said, â€Å"This flavor is for all of the people of America, regardless of their political standpoint. It’s something that can bring two different types of people together by mixing a little republican red with some democratic blue, thus creating purple. â€Å" Solheim, as well as many Ben and Jerry’s employees, exclaim this is a new favorite of theirs, describing it as, à ¢â‚¬Å"a magical mix of grapes, the fresh fruit of summer, with a fall favorite, boysenberry pie. † Lastly, if customers bring in a copy of this press release they can get the new flavor at half price! Limit one per customer. ) SOUTH BURLINGTON September 12, 2012It’s getting close to election time and in response to the hullaballoo and stressors surrounding the republican and democratic campaigns, top leader in ice cream production, Ben and Jerry’s, announced their new flavor, â€Å"We Vote Purple. † The new flavor consists of a delicious boysenberry and grape sorbet with bits of pie crust swirled in, thus giving the ice cream a beautifully neutral color of purple and a nice hearty texture.Ben and Jerry’s CEO, Jostein Solheim, said, â€Å"This flavor is for all of the people of America, regardless of their political standpoint. It’s something that can bring two different types of people together by mixing a little republican red with some dem ocratic blue, thus creating purple. â€Å" Solheim, as well as many Ben and Jerry’s employees, exclaim this is a new favorite of theirs, describing it as, â€Å"a magical mix of grapes, the fresh fruit of summer, with a fall favorite, boysenberry pie. Lastly, if customers bring in a copy of this press release they can get the new flavor at half price! (Limit one per customer. ) NEW BEN AND JERRY’S FLAVOR ANNOUNCED Company takes neutral stance in presidential campaign by presenting new flavor, â€Å"We Vote Purple. † NEW BEN AND JERRY’S FLAVOR ANNOUNCED Company takes neutral stance in presidential campaign by presenting new flavor, â€Å"We Vote Purple. †

Free Essays on Multiple Intelligence

â€Å"It is of the upmost importance that we recognize and nurture all of the varied human intelligences, and all of the combinations of intelligences. We are all so different largely because we all have different combinations of intelligences. If we recognize this, I think we will have at least a better chance of dealing appropriately with the many problems that we face in the world.† (Gardner) This states that many people are intelligent for many different reasons. Every person has areas they excel in and educators need to adjust to the needs of their students. In this paper, I will talk about the definition of intelligence, the seven different types of intelligence, and how teachers can and should teach the intelligent and talented youth. There are many different definitions of intelligence. Intelligence can be as broad or as specific as need be. I went with a broad definition that was in our text from this class Handbook of Gifted Education . It states that intelligence is an â€Å"ability or set of abilities that permit an individual to solve problems or fashion products that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting.† This is open to a lot of discussion because of how broad it is and I wanted to expand on intelligence in my eyes. In my definition of intelligence many components are involved. It is somewhat similar in that many abilities combine to determine intelligence. In today’s society, grades in school determine how intelligent an individual is, but I disagree with that. Grades have hardly any significance due to the fact that creativity isn’t involved in multiple choice or fill in the blank exams and creativity is the main ingredient, I feel, for intelligence. This can be explained by people such as Albert Einstein, Pablo Picasso, and Winston Churchill. As children, teachers thought that they were at a lower level compared to the students of the same age. Maybe they weren’t being challenged o... Free Essays on Multiple Intelligence Free Essays on Multiple Intelligence â€Å"It is of the upmost importance that we recognize and nurture all of the varied human intelligences, and all of the combinations of intelligences. We are all so different largely because we all have different combinations of intelligences. If we recognize this, I think we will have at least a better chance of dealing appropriately with the many problems that we face in the world.† (Gardner) This states that many people are intelligent for many different reasons. Every person has areas they excel in and educators need to adjust to the needs of their students. In this paper, I will talk about the definition of intelligence, the seven different types of intelligence, and how teachers can and should teach the intelligent and talented youth. There are many different definitions of intelligence. Intelligence can be as broad or as specific as need be. I went with a broad definition that was in our text from this class Handbook of Gifted Education . It states that intelligence is an â€Å"ability or set of abilities that permit an individual to solve problems or fashion products that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting.† This is open to a lot of discussion because of how broad it is and I wanted to expand on intelligence in my eyes. In my definition of intelligence many components are involved. It is somewhat similar in that many abilities combine to determine intelligence. In today’s society, grades in school determine how intelligent an individual is, but I disagree with that. Grades have hardly any significance due to the fact that creativity isn’t involved in multiple choice or fill in the blank exams and creativity is the main ingredient, I feel, for intelligence. This can be explained by people such as Albert Einstein, Pablo Picasso, and Winston Churchill. As children, teachers thought that they were at a lower level compared to the students of the same age. Maybe they weren’t being challenged o...

How to Ask Your Boss for a Raise

How to Ask Your Boss for a Raise You’re sitting at your desk, working hard as always, when your boss walks up, smiling. â€Å"Congratulations,† she beams. â€Å"I’ve decided to give you a 25 percent raise!† Wow, you think, as you mentally run through the list of people you want to thank: your agent, your deity, your long-suffering spouse. Suddenly you snap back to reality, and realize it didn’t actually happen. No one walked up and handed you one of those oversized prop checks, just for being you. (Darn it!) But part of your fantasy could come true- with a bit of research, a little work, and a lot of confidence. Asking for a raise is something you shouldn’t take lightly. In this economic climate and the chronic outbreak of corporate belt-tightening, it’s easier than ever for bosses and executives to shrug their shoulders and say â€Å"I would if I could, but†¦.† That means it’s on you to show how you’ve gone above and beyond, or how your prod uctivity has been an asset to the company in your time there. According to PayScale.com, 75% of people who ask for a raise get one. Be one of the 75%!Before you start the process, ask yourself a few questions about where things stand at work right now. Have your responsibilities changed recently? Are you taking more initiative than ever? [via PayScale]If you don’t feel like you’re quite at that point yet, that doesn’t mean you won’t be soon. Be more proactive at work, taking the lead on projects that involve other people, and start reaching beyond the limits of your job description. If you are ready to start advocating for that raise, then here are some steps you can follow.Step 1:  Do Your HomeworkStep 2:  Settle on a Goal AmountStep 3:  Pick Your TimingStep 4:  Ask for a Meeting With Your Boss.Step 5:  Gather All of Your InformationStep 6: AskStep 7: Have a Plan BStep 1: Do Your HomeworkThe best tool at your disposal here is information œinformation about you, information about your industry, information about what other people make doing the same things you do. The great thing about this is that we have so much of this info right at our fingertips these days. There are entire websites out there devoted to how much people make in different industries, and what they can expect to make over the course of a career. It would be nice to think that we’re all priceless professionals, who don’t have a dollar figure. Yet in this cynical world, we all have a (professional) worth†¦and it’s absolutely essential to know yours. Let’s look at a few of the sites that can help you find out.The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics: Sure, it looks like dry government data- and, well, it is. But it’s also a wealth of information about your industry: median salaries, career outlooks over the next ten years, and basic career requirements.PayScale.com: On the front page, it says in big letters, â€Å"What am I worth?† That’s a sign that you’re on the right track in your research. You can search by industry or job title, and download free reports that give you salary data about your field.Glassdoor.com: This site has industry and salary data too, but it also has company data- including anonymous reviews from people who’ve worked there. So you get hard data about what people similar to you are making, but it can also give you insight into how your own company works behind the scenes. And if the raise request process doesn’t work out, it has some great resources for a job hunt.Step 2: Settle on a Goal AmountOnce you have a ballpark figure in mind thanks to your extensive research online, it’s time to start refining that a bit. You should have a specific goal in mind for your salary negotiations. You may or may not reach that in the end, but you need a figure for your manager to work with. If you let the other person set the number, y ou risk low-balling yourself. And you really don’t want to find out later that your boss actually would have gone higher, but didn’t because you seemed satisfied with the lower amount. Moral of the story: you set the narrative here.Here are 3 tips to keep in mind as you figure out your amount.1. Be realistic.Remember your research, and stay within shouting distance of what people in your role make at other companies, or what people have historically made in your role at your own company. Unless you’re about to sign a major professional baseball contract, asking for crazy amounts of cash (and a shiny new BMW convertible) will get you laughed out of your negotiation meeting.2. Be specific.Remember, you’re setting the conversation here. If you throw out a specific number or percentage of the raise, you open up a dialogue with your manager.3. Be firm.Once you’ve settled on an amount (or at least a narrow range), commit to it. The last thing you want is to be winging it once you have your boss’s attention.Okay, so you’ve figured out what you’re asking for. Let’s move on to step 3.Step 3: Pick Your TimingIf your company just released a disastrous earnings report, then now might not be the best time to ask for a raise. If you or your boss is overwhelmed in the middle of a giant project, now might not be the best time to ask for a raise. You want to pick a time when the powers that be might be more receptive to giving you more cash. This is not to say that you can’t ask for a raise if things are shaky with the company. As with everything else, there may not be a â€Å"perfect† time where all the planets align for your request, and you shouldn’t put it off indefinitely. But if you’re conscious about what’s going on in general, you can find a time when people aren’t just going to dismiss your request right off because things are terrible. It’s a matter of shif ting your opportunity window. Also, knowing what’s going on can help you frame your request: â€Å"I know things are a little rough right now with our industry, but I’d like to talk about a merit-based raise.†With many companies, raises and bonuses are tied pretty closely to the annual review process. Again, there’s nothing stopping you from taking this outside of the regular channels, but if you align your ask with a time of year where your company might be more amenable to adjusting your pay, it could increase your chances.Step 4: Ask for a Meeting With Your BossNo carrier pigeon necessary: just an invite that blocks out time for you and your boss to talk about this without distractions. There’s no need for cloak-and-dagger secrecy. A simple â€Å"meeting to discuss salary† subject works fine.Step 5: Gather All of Your InformationRemember when you did all that research on salaries? Time to bring that back, and keep it in mind for the discu ssion with your boss. You should also:Update your resume. It’s probably changed since you started, and the manager in charge of your raise may not have ever read your resume in the first place. So it’s time to rebuild or refine your resume, tailored to the points you want to emphasize in your raise request (skills you’ve picked up, tasks you’ve taken on, accomplishments you’ve accumulated). Bring a copy to the meeting with your boss.Make a list of all of the talking points you want to hit in your discussion.Practice what you want to say. It can feel silly to talk to yourself in the bathroom mirror, but asking for a raise can be a stressful situation. And in stressful situations, we don’t always remember to say what we needed or wanted to say. So if you practice ahead of time, it’ll be easier to stick to your points when you’re asking your boss.Step 6: AskArmed with your accomplishments and your raise-worthy activities on the jo b, gather up your confidence and walk into the meeting with your manager. There are some do’s and don’ts as you take this step:Don’t be aggressive or defensive. Keep the tone civil and professional at all times.Don’t make it about you as a person- make it about you as an employee.Don’t try to make it about what you want/need. If you are having personal financial issues, or want to finance Mr. Fluffington’s cat botox regimen, none of that matters. Focus on your worthiness as a professional.Do take it seriously. Even if you’re buddies with your boss, you want to treat this with the utmost seriousness. This is your salary we’re talking about! You want your boss to take this request seriously, so you need to set that tone.Don’t be afraid to talk yourself up. It’s not bragging to list your accomplishments and explain why you deserve a raise. You should be a confident advocate for yourself.Step 7: Have a Plan BSometimes the answer will be â€Å"no,† or the amount will come in way under that you were hoping to get. If that’s the case, you have some follow-up decisions to make. If you feel like your company doesn’t value you, and now you have a dollar figure against that, it’s time to ask yourself if you’d like to stay, or try your luck elsewhere.If the answer is no and you have no interest in jumping ship, don’t take it personally. This is a business discussion with business reasons behind it. It’s not a rejection of you (even thought it can certainly feel that way). Before you even walk into the meeting with your boss, know what your plan is for each potential outcome. Don’t lose heart- you can try this again in the future. Ideally, your boss explained why the answer was a no. And keep this open as a dialogue: you can ask whether there’s anything you can do to set yourself up for a better raise on the next go-round.The most important t hing with asking for a raise is that you go into it with every possible reason and justification at your disposal. The raise request is a not-so-distant cousin to the new job salary negotiation, in that you don’t get what you don’t ask for and you don’t want to have any regrets later on. Good luck seizing your opportunity!

Organisational Design and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Design and Culture - Essay Example On the basis of management structure and its complexity, Mintzberg has broadly categorised Organisational Design into the following five levels- Simple Organisation, Machine Bureaucracy, Professional Bureaucracy and Adhocracy. The internationally renowned author of business and management books, Mintzberg has also recognized the different classes of work patterns-Process or Occupation where all employees reported directly to a single executive; Purpose or Division where employees work in units and thus report to their respective unit heads and Matrix where both of the above mentioned kinds co-exist. Depending upon the requirements and managerial levels of an organisation, the appropriate kind of Organisational Design can be selected. Several healthcare institutions have adopted these Organisational Design patterns to affect an overhaul in the debilitated healthcare industry. In addition to the mounting healthcare costs, the industry is also troubled by its failure to meet the growing expectations and demands of the patients. In an era of rampant media growth, the patient is more informed about his medical rights and treatment options. This body of knowledge encourages him to stipulate enhanced and superior treatment. As McMurphy and Vujicic state "The patient-provider relationship is in flux. Consumers desire greater autonomy and participation in their healthcare decisions." ( 2000). But the global health industry has not been able to adapt to these changes completely. In an attempt to refurbish the redundant and obsolete hospital managerial procedures, the healthcare organisations formulated the "patient focussed care" approach. Whole healthcare community embraced this approach, which was aimed at providing superior services to patients and spruces the costs. Under this approach, certain new protocols were established and the various hospital procedures were simplified. Apart from resulting in a decline in the duration of stay of patients, this methodology has also resulted in higher patient satisfaction. Different medical institutes have adopted different routes to follow this approach. The Beth Israel Medical Centre, New York was the first institution to adopt this approach on the East Coast. This 934-bed urban institute decided to focus on Therapeutic Recreation and set up a "Planetree Unit". Every room in this luxurious unit was equipped with its own refrigerator, a television set, and an audio speaker near the patient's pillow- all in an attempt to fasten the process of healing. The hospital is still in the process of self-examination and thus the outcome of this methodology isn't clear as yet. The Medical Center, Pennsylvania decided to employ a more technical scheme. This 470- bed community, which employs 1900 professionals created eighth in-patient focussed care centers. A sincere attempt was made to make these centers fairly autonomous and independent. They had several pharmacies, labs and X-ray areas all to themselves. They also possessed independent housekeeping and patient admission services. These steps were undertaken to minimise

Globalizations affect the labour of North America Essay

Globalizations affect the labour of North America - Essay Example Manzella says "offshoring created 90,000 new IT jobs in the United States. in 2003". American companies have become more profitable and globally competitive because of low cost labor from overseas. Two-thirds of the economic benefits, such as monetary savings generated from hiring employees overseas are reinvested. It is not all about cheap labor. While low skilled jobs are often sent overseas, professionals will be in great demand over the next decade. There will be a need for architects, accountants, commercial/industrial designers and paralegals by as much as 29%. Even low end jobs such as customer service representatives will increase by 24% by 2012. As North American companies pursue the global market in an effort to make a profit, they have to focus on product design, branding strategies, productivity and respond to customers' needs. (Francis-Smith, 2005). Globalization represents a commitment and desire to create a better future. It conveys optimism, and offers endless possibilities for growth, renewal, and revitalization for every all involved. It brings a sense of connectivity, interdependence, and integration in the global community. Extending benefits and responsibilities on a global scale, it provides commonalities without overlooking differences. Globalization gives a company the ability to conduct business across borders in an open market, maximizing organizational benefits without causing social damage by violating the human rights of other cultures (Ali, 2001). The United Parcel Service (UPS) has seen global profits. The company has taken advantage of globalization with its purchase of the British carrier Lynx Express for $96.5 million and has established domestic services in China. As a result, last year UPS's net profit of $986 million has shown strength in all phases of the company's expanding empire. It is not only UPS but numerous American companies are able to reap huge profits due to the enormous cost savings. Companies can save by reducing their capital investment requirements, lowering the cost of parts and components, thereby achieving unprecedented economies of scales, and benefit from government incentives (Stalk, 2004). Providing the most saving, labor costs, contributes to about 60% of the total cost advantage. For example, a worker in the United States normally cost $15 to $30 per hour while a worker in China earns less than a $1 per hour. What a savings! An English speaking Indian employee typically costs 50%-60% less than the United States employee. An accountant in the United States might cost a business $26 to $30 per hour while a qualified accountant would only cost $10-$12 per hour in India. Low capital investment cost account for a 25% cost advantage. Though not much, every cent saved increases a company's profits. For instance, the costs to build and provide equipment for a factory in China would be much less than in the U.S. Reported savings are as much as 60%-70% because to build a factory in the United States would cost $50 million while in a low cost country it would only cost $15-$20 million. Such savings gives a company the ability to recover its investment quicker, and increase its capability for growth. Product design is another source